Haiti's regional, historical, and
ethno-linguistic position is unique for several reasons. It was the first independent nation of Latin America and the Caribbean, the first
black-led republic in the world, and the second republic in the Americas when it gained independence in 1804 as part of a successful
slave revolution lasting nearly a decade.
[6] In 2012, Haiti announced its intention to seek associate membership status in the
African Union.
[7] Haiti is the most populous of the predominantly
Francophone independent nations in the Americas; others include
Saint Lucia, and the
Commonwealth of Dominica. It is one of only two independent nations in the Americas (along with Canada) to designate French as an
official language; the other French-speaking areas are all
overseas départements, or
collectivités, of France.
Haiti is the most populous full member-state of the
Caribbean Community (CARICOM)-bloc. It is the poorest country in the Americas as per the
Human Development Index. Political violence has occurred regularly throughout its
history, leading to government instability. Most recently, in February 2004, a
coup d'état originating in the north of the country forced the resignation and exile of President
Jean-Bertrand Aristide. A provisional government took control with security provided by the
United Nations Stabilization Mission in Haiti (MINUSTAH).
Michel Martelly, the current president, was elected in the
Haitian general election, 2011.
The island has had a history of destructive earthquakes. A 7.0 magnitude earthquake struck
Haiti on 12 January 2010 and devastated Port-au-Prince. The highest reliable death count was estimated at 220,000.
[8] Haitian government estimates were higher.
[9] The Presidential palace, Parliament and many other important structures were destroyed, along with countless homes and businesses, leaving hundreds of thousands of people homeless. The country has yet to recover from the 2010 earthquake (and subsequent incidents) due to both the severity of the damage Haiti endured in 2010, as well as a government that was ineffective well before the earthquake.
[10] United States aid organizations have donated $2 billion. Combined with other international donations, these funds are intended to contribute to the rebuilding of the country.
[11]